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- m₧ THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, Page 30THE SHAKEOUTBlunt Sword, Dented Shield
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- Initially a supporter of perestroika, the KGB was traumatized by
- the coup. Soon it may be dismembered.
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- By RICHARD LACAYO -- Reported by John Kohan/Moscow and Bruce van
- Voorst/Washington
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- The KGB'S headquarters on Moscow's Dzherzhinsky Square is one
- of the most forbidding places in the Soviet imagination. Inside
- and underneath the area are the interrogation rooms and cells
- where in past decades thousands of citizens came face to face
- with state power -- and often terror. So it was with some
- trepidation that a massive crowd advanced into the square in the
- aftermath of the failed coup -- but its nerve soon strengthened.
- Within hours, thousands cheered as the statue of "Iron Felix"
- Dzherzhinsky, who founded the secret police immediately after
- the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, was toppled from its central
- pedestal. It was a symbolic act of purgation -- and revenge.
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- Equally striking was the response from what used to be the
- most dreaded organization in the Soviet Union. Nothing. In the
- coup's aftermath, the KGB -- it calls itself the Sword and
- Shield of the Communist Party -- showed itself to be as divided
- and traumatized by the actions of its disgraced chief, Vladimir
- Kryuchkov, as was another pillar of power, the army. Once the
- plot had unraveled, the agency released a statement declaring
- that "KGB servicemen have nothing in common with illegal actions
- by the group of adventurists." After a bewildering two-day
- shuffle of leaders, Vadim Bakatin, a liberal who was Gorbachev's
- Interior Minister until his dismissal last December, was
- appointed the KGB's new chief. He is expected to move decisively
- in cleaning up the agency.
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- As early as the first day of the coup, TIME Moscow
- correspondent James Carney got an unmistakable indication of the
- KGB's ambivalence about the putsch. As he stood interviewing
- soldiers outside the Moscow Hotel, he was approached by a
- casually dressed man in his 30s who introduced himself as KGB
- agent Alexander Maisenko and produced the proper red
- identification card to prove it. "Not all of my colleagues in the
- KGB think that what is happening is a good thing," he said.
- "Putting the army in the streets against the people is wrong."
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- The KGB's split identity derives from the origins of the
- Gorbachev era. The President was the handpicked successor of
- Yuri Andropov, the former Soviet leader who was once the KGB
- chief. From the outset, the KGB acceded to Gorbachev's programs
- of glasnost and perestroika, which were intended to help the
- Soviet Union catch up to the achievements of the West. During the
- first three years of perestroika, the agency was largely
- untouched by the changes that were pressing upon other
- institutions, and strove to promote Gorbachev's goals of
- improving work discipline, attacking corruption and fostering
- greater industrial efficiency.
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- Glasnost came to the KGB under Kryuchkov, who took over as a
- Gorbachev appointee in late 1988 with the promise of greater
- openness regarding agency affairs and cooperation with Western
- intelligence agencies in such areas as drug trafficking and
- terrorism. But as the winds of glasnost blew more strongly, the
- top echelons of the organization grew nervous. The Old Guard
- complained that secret files were being opened and covert methods
- exposed. Kryuchkov reacted harshly when dissident KGB officers
- sounded off in the press about agency meddling in ethnic
- conflicts or floated proposals to deprive the KGB of its special
- troops.
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- The biggest threat of all to the organization was contained
- in the impending union treaty: it would loosen Moscow Center's
- control of KGB units in the republics and affect sensitive issues
- like security budgets. By last winter some of the KGB's top
- officers were in the forefront of a conservative backlash,
- spearheading a campaign against "economic sabotage" that singled
- out the developing free-market sector as a special target.
- Speaking before a secret session of the parliament in June,
- Kryuchkov lambasted Gorbachev's entire program as a product of
- the CIA's designs for "pacification and even occupation" of the
- Soviet Union.
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- In the view of Western experts, the KGB is now likely to be
- drastically reorganized and stripped of much of its domestic
- responsibility. U.S. and British analysts suggest that the
- agency's overseas spy service, the First Main Directorate (there
- are nine Main Directorates), will remain. A new organization,
- along the lines of the U.S.'s FBI, may be formed from the Second
- Main Directorate (internal security). Such restructuring could
- mean, among other things, a dramatically smaller agency. American
- experts estimate the KGB's current size at 600,000 members,
- 265,000 of them border guards, 230,000 in military units, and
- 40,000 assigned to domestic surveillance. Foreign intelligence,
- the elite division, accounts for perhaps 20,000 operatives. The
- KGB of the future could be a rump organization, its feared sword
- blunted forever.
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